Varghese JS, Smith PL, Folkerd E, et al.Endogenous Hormone Levels, Mammographic Density, and Subsequent Risk of Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women. Tamimi RM, Byrne C, Colditz GA, et al.The Relative Importance of Genetics and Environment on Mammographic Density. Heritability of Mammographic Density, a Risk Factor for Breast Cancer. Mammographic density and risk of breast cancer by age and tumor characteristics. Bertrand KA, Tamimi RM, Scott CG, et al.Breast Density and Parenchymal Patterns as Markers of Breast Cancer Risk: A Meta- analysis. Mammographic density phenotypes and risk of breast cancer: a meta-analysis. Pettersson A, Graff RE, Ursin G, et al.Premenopausal serum sex hormone levels in relation to breast cancer risk, overall and by hormone receptor status-Results from the EPIC cohort. Premenopausal endogenous oestrogen levels and breast cancer risk: a meta-analysis.
Predictors of early death in female patients with breast cancer in the UK: a cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2002 94(8):606- 16. Circulating sex hormones and breast cancer risk factors in postmenopausal women: reanalysis of 13 studies.
Endogenous Hormones Breast Cancer Collaborative Group. Sex hormone levels do not appear to explain the association between breast density and breast cancer risk. Breast density is generally higher in younger, pre-menopausal women with lower body mass index (BMI) and lower parity, but there is also a genetic element. Breast densityīreast cancer risk is up to 3-5 times higher in women with the most dense breasts (higher percentage non-fatty tissue) compared with the least dense, meta- and pooled analyses have shown.ĭense breasts are also associated with an increased risk of in situ breast carcinoma. Pre-menopausal breast cancer risk is 56% higher in those with the highest serum testosterone levels compared with the lowest, whilst other sex hormones show no clear association, EPIC showed. In pre-menopausal women, breast cancer risk is not significantly associated with oestrogen levels, a meta-analysis and the EPIC cohort study have shown. In post-menopausal women, breast cancer risk is around twice as high in those with the highest sex hormone levels (including oestradiol, oestriol, androstenedione and testosterone) compared with the lowest, a pooled analysis of cohort studies showed. Sex hormones (also known as sex steroids) include oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone. It does not store any personal data.Many breast cancer risk factors are associated with higher levels of sex hormones, and it is thought to be by this mechanism that they are linked with breast cancer risk. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Provided by Google Tag Manager to experiment advertisement efficiency of websites using their services. The cookie stores information anonymously and assigns a randomly generated number to recognize unique visitors. The _ga cookie, installed by Google Analytics, calculates visitor, session and campaign data and also keeps track of site usage for the site's analytics report. These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 
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